Headquarters 2d Cavalry Division
Camp Funston, Kansas
12 November 1941

The following exercises for breaking, training and reclaiming cavalry horses, prepared by Brigadier General Harry D. Chamberlain, are prescribed for general use by all organizations of the 2d Cavalry Division.

By Command of Major General Millikin:

W. B. Bradford
Lt. Col., GSC
Chief of Staff.

Official:
J.M. Glasgow
Lt. Col., AGD, Adjutant General,






BREAKING, TRAINING & RECLAIMING CAV. HORSES

Four Simple Exercises to Break, Train and Reclaim Cavalry Horses

NOTE: Before studying this article, Changes 1, F. M. Animal Transport (25-5) should be carefully studied and each detail thoroughly understood, also the rein effects verbally described and graphically depicted attached hereto.

The four simple exercises to be described below will not only serve to break and train all colts and remounts, but also will render older horses obedient and supple for military and all other equestrian purposes, such as polo, hunting and jumping. In fact, before negotiating a single obstacle with a hunter or jumper, or before practicing with stick and ball on a polo pony, these four exercises should be thoroughly taught, and practiced over and over again. Many remounts, jumpers, and polo ponies are permanently injured physically or spoiled temperamentally because they are placed in ranks, started at jumping, or put in a polo game before having been taught to execute properly and calmly the movements required in the four exercises.

Provided the work is under the supervision and direction of capable horsemen, these four exercises for breaking, training, and keeping horses relaxed and obedient can be executed by mediocre riders. Many spoiled and headstrong horses can also be reclaimed by the same simple system.

The reader will discover that the exercises not only break, train, and subdue the horse, but also teach him and the rider the five rein effects as well as the effect of the legs used either singly or in conjunction.

Exercise No. 1

The first exercise consists in riding the individual horse on a circle of about fifteen to twenty-five yards in diameter. He is guided solely with the inner "opening", or "leading" rein. The principal purpose of the exercise is to "take the edge off the horse," thus without a fight, rendering him calm, obedient, and attentive. However, many other benefits which result as by-products will be pointed out.

Always begin at the walk, until circulation in the feet is assured. As soon as this is accomplished, take up the trot. The opening rein must be employed, not the direct rein; that is, there is no tension on the rein unless absolutely necessary to control the horse. For example, when circling to the right, the right rein is carried out and to the right front and is used with "alternating" effects (not a steady tension). The leading effect is applied and continued until the horse both follows the desired path and bends his neck to the right with relaxed muscles. At the exact instant when the relaxation of the neck occurs the rein effects ceases momentarily. As the rider "feels" the horse about to branch off on a tangent to his circle, he reapplies the leading effect and continues it until the horse again concedes as just described. This is what is meant by "alternating" effects of the rein. Total relaxation cannot be expected until the horse's first friskiness and exuberance have worn off. He soon learns that when he obeys the rein and relaxes he is instantly rewarded by escaping the annoyance of the bit. This is the basis of all horse training, i.e., instantaneous reward to obedience through ceasing all use of the aids when the horse obeys. The reward must be instantaneous-never so much as one second after the horse obeys. If the reward is a fraction of a second tardy he will not associate his concession with relief from the annoyance of the aids.

Thus the light leading effects used with just sufficient frequency and intensity to keep the horse on the chosen circle. The left rein is entirely passive and "floating"-rather than stretched taut. (It is amazing to note how few riders can keep one hand entirely passive while the other one is active!) The left rein is only used in two cases. First case: if the horse's trot becomes so rapid that there is danger of his breaking into the gallop, a minimum amount of direct tension on both reins must be applied momentarily in order to prevent his so doing. Increase your forward inclination when applying the tension in order to ride lightly rather than leaning heavily backward, which results in "pounding" the horse's loin and provokes his resistance. Reins should work exactly parallel with each other in this case and the bit be gently sawed ("vibrated") through the horse's mouth. The moment he settles to the trot, resume the leading rein. Permit him to trot freely and fast rather than fight his mouth to maintain a regulation or slow trot. Second case: if a horse is inclined to be rubberneck (i.e., bend his neck too far to the right in answering the right leading rein), the left rein should be lowered so that the left hand is near the upper part of the horse's left shoulder and just enough tension intermittently applied to the left rein to prevent the horse's bending his neck exaggeratedly to his right. The left rein thus exerts a limiting effect to the bend of the neck. (This is also the one and only case where the hand is lowered to a point where the rein and forearm do not form a straight line.

The hands are very frequently raised to secure the correct effect on the bit but only lowered in this specific instance.) See paragraph 9 i, (1), Changes 1, F. M. 25-5.

As the horse becomes calm, the neck should bend uniformly from shoulder to poll and gradually become entirely relaxed and soft. As indicated above, do not endeavor to compel the horse to trot slowly. Always ride well forward, with weight somewhat over the inside shoulder. This frees the horse’s loin from irritating pounding and helps to induce a maximum extension and a lowering of his head and neck.

Calmness is never obtained with a spirited or nervous horse until he is taught to work with an extended and naturally carried head and neck. Soft relaxation of the jaw (chewing on the bit) and a lateral bend of the neck usually develop soon with this exercise if the rider's hands are clever and soft.

The hand is kept rather high so that the leading rein tends to act approximately parallel to the long axis of the horse's head. A low hand acts perpendicularly to this long axis and will usually over flex the neck and poll, rendering the horse fretful from constraint. Inevitably, the right leading rein occasionally will have to be used with a little tension to the right and rear, (direct effect), particularly with an impetuous horse. Remember, however, to limit all tension to an absolute minimum.

Thus, with minimum rein annoyance the horse is allowed to trot on the circle until his playful exuberance has subsided. The exercise is then repeated on a similar circle to the left hand.

If the horse has any tendency to carry his head high, the rider's inside leg should predominate, pushing the croup slightly to the outside of the circle. This requires the horse to lighten his hind quarters (mobilize the haunches) because they are forced to cover more ground than the forehand. Consequently he will soon automatically increase the weight on his forehand by lowering his head and neck. As he becomes calm and obedient, the rider begins to establish light tension on both reins in order to secure very delicate contact with the horse's mouth. Thus he is gradually taught to "accept the bit"-with his head and neck in a natural, graceful, and extended posture. Remember that if he raises his head too high your hands also move higher in order to make his mouth uncomfortable by slowly and moderately sawing the bit with slightly increased tension. He should not be allowed to escape the bit for so much as a second until finally he seeks relief by lowering the head. Instantly he is rewarded by softening the hands and allowing him to lower his head to a natural position. You must sustain the gait by appropriate use of the legs while holding the horse's head high, as the additional pressure on the bit tends to slow or stop him.

Depending upon the energy and condition of the horse, exercise on the circle will take from 5 to 20 minutes on each hand, or a total of from 10 to 40 minutes. Where the horse is very "high" or very sensitive, stubborn, etc., he should, prior to any mounted work, always be worked on a longe until calm and relaxed. The longe properly used is of enormous value and all officers and noncommissioned officers should be skillful in its employment. Many an old but energetic and difficult horse can be quieted and made pleasant to ride by plenty of work on a longe each day before he is mounted. Longeing also will subdue and reclaim many so-called "bad" horses. If necessary, longe him three or more hours daily in two or more periods until through boredom and fatigue he comes around to going quietly under the saddle.

With young or difficult horses always execute the exercises and use the longe in a hall, pen, or corral, if one is available, since there will be fewer distractions and the horses will be more attentive and responsive.

After having worked a horse on circles such time as is necessary to cause him to trot quietly with his head and neck extended and low, he should be allowed to walk on a loose rein for several minutes and caressed by pats on the neck. Many riders are quick to punish and far too slow to reward. He is then pushed into the canter and again worked on both hands around the circle until completely soft and amenable at this gait.

In taking the gallop depart on circles, the rider should switch to the outside direct rein and outside leg aids. Use the "direct" rein effect very lightly in order to weight the outside shoulder just as the legs are used to force the horse to break into the gallop. The outside leg is used more vigorously than the inside and a little farther to the rear. The leg aids, just as the hands, should always be employed alternating-yielding instantly to obedience-resisting (acting) instantly against resistance or disobedience.

Naturally, long periods of work can only be given to a remount after he has been conditioned by longeing and leading until his wind, legs, and muscles are fit. Early lessons should always be short and frequent. Three short lessons daily are of much more benefit than one long lesson. Often it is necessary to longe an older and fairly well trained horse, which through being without exercise for some time is bursting with fire and exuberance, for several days before he will-be sufficiently quiet and relaxed to ride even on a circle without fighting your hand. Moreover, after all this longeing, it will be found that the trot only can be used when mounted for several more days because the horse is still too lively to gallop without fighting the bit and resisting in other ways. Patience and intelligence on the part of the rider and hours of slow work both on the longe and by leading prior to riding will gentle, relax, and make manageable most any horse. With an intelligent group of men, a remount squad can be organized in a troop, squadron, or regiment which will produce amazing results by the system here advocated with either remounts or rogues in an astoundingly short period of time.

It will be noted that this first exercise accomplishes the following:

1. Calms the horse through:

a. steady work on circles without unnecessary restraint

b. permitting an extended and natural head carriage

c. not annoying the mouth so as to provoke resistances

2. Teaches the horse:

a. relaxation of his neck in obtaining a lateral flexion

b. relaxation of the jaw by vibrating the reins

c. obedience to the leading rein obedience to action of rider's inside leg through mobilizing the haunches

e. relaxation of the spine as he bends lightly around the rider's inside leg

f. natural extended carriage of the head and neck as well as acceptance of the bit (a well-trained horse only needs the lightest sort of support from the hands)

g. the gallop departs and the aid therefore

2nd Exercise

(NOTE) This exercise is not attempted until the horse is calm at the trot on the circle.

The greatest difficulty in riding horses either for military purposes or for sports, such as hunting, jumping, or polo, is to regulate the gait (commonly called rating), to change the gaits, and to halt. Absurdly enough, while these three items are the most difficult to execute, few riders ever attempt to train their horses thoroughly to go at only desired rate, decrease the gait readily or to halt under all conditions promptly and without resistance. Needless to say, all should be practiced over and over again. Instead of riding a young horse for an hour or more and halting only upon returning to the stable he should be halted and required to change gaits and rates literally hundreds of time during that time. If the routine to be described below is followed, there will be few horses which will not only halt quickly and decrease gaits readily when being ridden alone but most all will do likewise in ranks, at polo, hunting, jumping, etc. Not only does the following exercise teach the horse regulation of gait and rate but it develops his ability and balance. Again let it be stated for emphasis that everything described hereafter should be repeated over and over again.

After the horse has become relaxed and calm on the circle and accepts contact with the hand, the 2nd exercise is begun as follows: The horse is put at the walk on a long rein and halted every few steps. The instant he halts the fingers completely relax and the reins are allowed to hang entirely loose while the horse is permitted to rest in place for several seconds, and is patted on the neck. Next he should be again moved forward in response to the rider's legs. As soon as he learns to halt promptly and stand quietly, the periods during which he rests should be made progressively briefer so that he halts only a second or fraction thereof before being urged forward again by the rider's legs.

Next, changing from the trot to the walk and vice versa is practiced. After walking quietly for a few moments, he is squeezed into the trot and as soon as he settles into steady, balanced movement he is brought back to the walk, continuing at this gait until complete calmness occurs. Do not forget to pat him on the neck when he obeys and is calm. The periods at the walk or trot should be briefer and briefer. After a few such lessons much practice also should be given at extending the trot little by little, then bringing the horse gently back to a slow trot; then to a halt.

When this exercise is executed well, the horse should be brought directly from the normal trot to the halt, and then put promptly at the normal trot again, with no intermediate steps at the walk. To reiterate, these exercises must be repeated over and over and over again. Also the rider's hand must give the horse's mouth entire freedom the moment he halts. If the hands and legs are skillful the horse will soon obey the lightest effect. As soon as resistance or displacement of the head develops in halting or slowing the rate, similar work at a slower pace should be resumed. In other words, if the horse resents halting directly from the trot, more work in changing from the trot to the walk and from the walk to the halt is necessary. The preparation for the halt from the trot has not been complete. The exercises can be greatly elaborated and made more difficult as obedience and calmness become habitual. For example, move: (a) from halt to normal trot, to extended trot, to normal trot, to halt; (b) from halt to extended trot to halt. When the horse is fully prepared, he should come to the halt from the extended trot in about six or seven trotting steps, with none at the walk, but such tests are not attempted until after good condition is acquired with calmness and obedience normal. The prompt moving out after a halt, and prompt increasing of speed after it has been reduced, are vitally essential to teach the horse to collect and balance himself. Without displacing his head unnaturally he very soon learns to check or halt with his hind legs well advanced under his belly ready to spring quickly forward. He moves and handles himself as does a horse at liberty and so works at maximum efficiency.

These gymnastics can be executed on circles, straight lines, or on the serpentines and zig-zags, to be described under Exercise 3. If a horse is exceedingly "hot", it is usually best to keep him on circles until he becomes perfectly calm at the elementary halting exercises. After all the work involving the halts and changes of rate and gait described above is performed easily and promptly, similar work at the canter and gallop, etc., should be given as: (a) from canter to gallop, back to canter; (b) from trot to canter to gallop, and reverse; (c) from canter to trot, to walk, to halt, and reverse; (d) from canter to walk and reverse; (e) from canter to halt and reverse and (f) finally when the horse becomes strong, conditioned, obedient and calm, he should halt in a few yards from the extended gallop with no steps at the trot, promptly back a few steps, and spring forward again softly and gracefully into the gallop.

From this exercise the horse learns:

(1) Obedience to the "direct rein, then halting or slowing down in answer to direct tension or resistance by both hands.

NOTE: Care should be taken that the hand RESISTS AND DOES NOT PULL. In other words, if the rein, held by a resisting hand, were cut, the hand would not Ay to the rear; whereas in the case of the pulling hand, it would.

(2) Obedience to the legs - i.e., moving forward frankly, energetically and promptly in answer to the pressure from the rider's calves or spurs.

NOTE: The horse should gradually be taught to fear an attack from the rider's legs more than anything else in the world.

(3) To engage his hocks naturally at all appropriate times in order to spring forward easily and quickly.

(4) To move lightly in good balance without displacing the head grotesquely.

(5) To slow the gait or halt almost instantly in answer to light rein indications.


3rd Exercise

The third exercise consists in schooling the horse, first on serpentines described on large curves, and later as his training progresses on zig-zags which are arrived at by progressively reducing the radii of the serpentine curves until sharp changes of directions of approximately 180' are executed on the hind quarters as a pivot.

In these movements, the "bearing" or "neck" rein only is employed. In using the right "bearing" or "neck" rein when turning to the left for example, the right hand is carried just across the crest of the neck, and acts toward the left front.

To be most effective, it should bear against the right side of the upper half of the neck, as this part of the neck is more sensitive than that near the shoulders. It is an artificial effect, and not powerful. It is habitually used with cavalry horses and polo ponies and whenever riding with the reins in one hand to change direction without changing speed. By first using the left opening rein and immediately thereafter alternating it with the right bearing rein, obedience to the right bearing rein alone is quickly taught. The effect is to turn the horse's nose upward to the right, and force the bulk of the weight of the neck onto the left shoulder. While this effect is not strong the horse's balance is shifted toward the left front causing him to turn on a large curve to the left. The rein is used intermittently and in cadence each time the left foreleg is moved, when working with a green colt. If the rider's right (outside) leg is used in conjunction with the right bearing rein the horse soon learns to engage his haunches and pivot on the hind quarters in changing direction.

Since the horse during the first part of his lesson has been calmed by work with the opening rein on circles and by halts, the exercise on serpentines and zig-zags may be begun at the trot. In this work the rider habitually uses the outside leg to engage the haunches. In other words, the haunches are kept on the inside of the curve of the serpentine. Since the haunches travel over less ground than the forehand, the horse as a result must lighten the weight on his forehand at the expense of his hind quarters which tends to improve his balance and render him light to effects of the hand. As soon as he appreciates the significance of the bearing rein the inside hand (leading rein) is entirely passive. For example, as he turns to the left, the right bearing rein and the right leg are used; as he turns to the right, the left bearing rein and left leg. Of course, if the horse attempts to escape the hand and whirl around too rapidly or to cut inside of the path which the rider desires to traverse, effective corrective measures must be applied by the inside leg and rein. As a variation and to obtain complete control, the rider should occasionally mobilize the haunches on a serpentine. Never permit a horse to become routined. Later on when serpentines and zig-zags are used at the gallop, the horse should be brought to the trot just prior to changing direction, otherwise he will be required either to change lead or gallop false on the half turns. Until complete obedience and much experience are gained, no attempt should be made to require the change of lead at the gallop. In fact when necessity demands, the trooper's horse and the polo pony as a matter of self preservation will learn the changes of lead at rapid gaits without special schooling.

As the horse becomes obedient, calm, and relaxed in changing directions by use of the outside leg and neck rein, turns should be made sharper and sharper until the polo pony turn is made by pivoting on the hind legs. Since the horse has been given many lessons in halting, each sharp change in direction should be executed by first indicating a partial halt with both direct reins (using the hand in a high position) and immediately thereafter by applying the neck rein and outside leg to secure the half turn on the hind quarters.

Many, many halts should be executed while exercising on the serpentines or zig-zags. Inevitably horses will sometimes
resist the turn, in which case the neck rein must be changed to what is known as the "indirect rein of opposition in front of the withers." With the right rein, for example, the right bearing rein instead of acting to the left front acts to the left rear across the horse's neck but in front of the withers. Such tension as is necessary is applied in order to secure a sharp turn to the left, remembering always that the right leg assists in holding the haunches in place. It may be necessary to employ the left direct rein in combination with the right rein after the horse presents marked resistance. Remember, however, after all resistances are certain signs of insufficient training at slower gaits and preceding exercises.

This exercise teaches the horse:

l. Obedience to the bearing rein.

2. Obedience to the rider's outside leg.

3. Lightness of the forehand.

4. Engagement of the inside leg on all turns.

5. Agility and natural balance.

4th Exercise

Shoulder-In

This exercise is not difficult and is the most valuable of all gymnastics given a horse. Having taught mobilization of the haunches on the circles and occasionally on serpentines, there will be no difficulty in securing the shoulder-in from any horse by even a mediocre rider who is properly supervised and directed. "Taking right shoulder-in as an example; the horse is bent symmetrically throughout his spinal column, from poll to point of croup, around the rider's right leg, and moves toward his left front with his body set, obliquely to the lines of motion. This requires him at each step to cross his fore and hind feet, respectively.

The movement is obtained by:

1. shortening the right rein;

2. beginning a turn to the right with the right opening rein;

3. just as the horse's forehand is led off the
straight line which he has been following, the leading rein is changed into a "rein of opposition in rear of the withers", which acts in the direction of the left haunch;

4. at the same instant, the rider's right leg is carried back a few inches and used to force the horse's croup to the left;

5. the left rein, with combined leading and direct effects, assists in conducting the horse in his oblique attitude along the same straight line he has been following;

6. the left leg aids the right as necessary to sustain impulsion.

The horse thus is bent around the rider's right leg so that his right shoulder is inside the curve made by his own spinal column. Obviously his right fore and right hind legs must cross over in front of the left fore and left hind, respectively. If the rider is unsuccessful in obtaining shoulder-in along a straight line, further preparatory work in mobilizing the haunches, and in schooling with the "rein of indirect opposition in rear of the withers", while moving through the corners of an enclosure is indicated. The horse is simply pushed into the corners by the action of rider's inside leg and the rein of opposition in rear of the withers so that his whole spine from ears to point of the croup are bent outward, coinciding with the line over which he travels,

The benefits of shoulder-in are manifold. If the horse is gradually required to carry his head in a low position, a soft, relaxed lateral bending to the right of the well extended neck occurs. Alternate resisting and relaxing of the fingers, which is necessary to keep the horse oblique to the direction of motion, will secure complete relaxation of the jaw, as well as a slight flexion of the poll as the horse entirely gives himself over to his rider. The crossing of the fore legs involves a raising, and an unusual swinging, of the whole right fore leg across and in front of the left fore, necessitating suppleness and relaxation of the right, shoulder and knee. Also the horse is required to obey the rider's right leg and to bend his whole spine laterally as he moves in a sidewise direction. To cross his right hind over the left hind calls for engagement of the former far forward under his body. This supples the joints of the hind leg. The horse, in working at right shoulder-in, is simply over-balanced to the left because of the attitude forced on him by the aids, and consequently is compelled to chase his own center of gravity in order to maintain balance. When fully trained, a shying horse can be pushed into an object which frightens him by applying shoulder-in to the shoulder away from the object.

Shoulder-in, although here described while moving on a straight line, should be practiced at curves, serpentines and circles. On circles it is simply an exaggerated mobilization of the haunches. The horse's curved attitude, and not the particular direction in which he move, constitutes shoulder-in. His spines is bent like a bow, with the rider’s arm and rein functioning as the bowstring and his inside leg as the hand holding the bow. As it is most difficult to execute on a straight line this movement is taught last. Practice on circles first, next on oblique lines and finally straight to the front with the horse oblique to the line of movement.

The principal points to be observed in right shoulder-in are:

1. shortening the right rein and using the rein of "indirect opposition in rear of the withers" predominately so as to bend the whole spine (to do this the right hand should be held low and near the top of the right shoulder-blade, not across the withers);

2. limiting the bend of the neck with the left rein so that it is uniform with the curve of the backbone;

3. maintaining impulsion;

4. endeavoring to keep the neck low, well extended and relaxed and the jaw soft with frequent flexions, using the right spur just before the right hind starts to crass the left;

5. stopping the exercise before the horse, through boredom, shows resistance. As always, the rider's fingers and legs "act" or become "passive" as required: to break any resistance; to maintain the correct position; to follow the prescribed path; to reward obedience.

In right shoulder-in at the walk, the fingers relax as the
right fore crosses the left fore, since this difficult movement of the right shoulder requires its freedom. They tighten more or less as needed at the instant the left fore steps to the left front, which prevents the horse from moving on a curve to the right. Just at the time the fingers tighten, the rider's, right leg, or spur, pushes the right hind across the left hind. Since the right hind moves immediately after the left fore, the action of the rider's leg is timely. At the trot, similar timing of the aids is essential, remembering that the diagonals move simultaneously.

Shoulder-in is obviously almost universal in its relaxing and suppling results. Taught first at the walk as all exercises should be when feasible, it is most efficacious when executed at
a free, long-striding trot. The long strides and impulsion make agility, relaxation, suppleness and good balance imperative. At the gallop the exercise obviously is confined to left shoulder-in when the horse is leading right: right shoulder-in, when leading left. The work has no value unless his position is correct and all resistance is absent. The horse should be utterly relaxed and contentedly obedient.

Where a. rider's inexperience makes it advisable, advantage may be taken of a wall or fence to give first lessons: shoulder in. In so doing, the horse's head is turned toward the wall so that he cannot escape obedience. Great care, however, must be taken to prevent the crossing of the right fore and right hind in rear, instead of in front, of his left fore and left hind, respectively. The wall should be utilized only at the walk for interference (hitting one leg with the foot of the other) easily may occur. Moreover, the horse is controlled largely by the wall and not the aids.

Shoulder-in is, in fact, a very simple exercise to execute for either horse or rider. Each horse develops, on one side or the other, certain stiffness and resultant resistances, or vice versa.

If for example, he stiffens his neck and jaw to the left front, he generally increases the resistance by thrusting his left hip to the same side. The quick remedy is shoulder-in. In this case, left shoulder-in is indicated, but in practice it will be found that some work at right shoulder-in will also be beneficial. This exercise is immeasurably helpful in breaking up all such resistances and a few steps at shoulder-in will reveal to the rider who mounts a strange horse, where the resistances lie whether in the croup, jaw, shoulder or elsewhere.

It is an excellent idea at the beginning of each day's work to require a few steps of shoulder-in at the walk on an oblique to one side of the way and back to the other shortly after leaving the stables. Complete relaxation of the jaw, neck and spinal column are quickly obtained. This puts the horse in a pleasant mood and he becomes calm, obedient and agreeable in the work to follow. Thus, the exercise of shoulder-in accomplishes complete relaxation in the neck, poll, jaw, shoulders, spine and hocks and, in addition, secures complete domination in most emergencies.

Conclusion

As the schooling of the horse progresses and after he presents no resistances upon first being saddled, work on the circles need occupy but a few minutes. However, a little of it is always helpful since it promptly and without resistance produces lateral relaxation of the horse's spine and neck. Thereafter the four exercises should be mixed and intermingled in every possible combination. Just which exercises are most needed by a particular horse is a matter requiring the constant study of the rider. As horses possess entirely different physical and mental characteristics, one should disabuse himself of the idea that they are as similar as motor cars. Be careful not to overwork young horses. Study them minutely each morning to see that no tiny swelling has occurred around the fetlocks, knees or hocks. If such is the case, it is a certain sign that the horse is being overworked. If immediately rested, these swellings will usually disappear. Always trot the young horse in a halter the first thing in the morning immediately after taking him from his stall, on a level, hard road. If the slightest bit of stiffness or lameness appears, again the remedies are immediate rest and attention. Above all, use your brains and eyes in breaking, conditioning and training horses. They unfortunately cannot talk and explain their disabilities and pains. Consequently the true horseman must have abnormally observing eyes. The old adage which says, "The condition of the horse is in the eyes of the master" has much truth.

In closing, attention is again called to the fact that these four exercises teach the horse and rider the use and significance of every rein and leg effect.

(5-Sketches attached).